Abstract: Steps of an information networks’ creating through the formalization of one of their most important input parameters are proposed in the article. Stages of collecting information about users, the formalization of the data and analytical methods are described. The information networks’ user model is used to improve the efficiency and reliability of information networks’ modeling. In the proposed model a criterion for the formation is its applicability for the analysis and synthesis of information networks.

Keywords: information networks, information networks’ user, poorly formalized objects, Global Information Infrastructure

ACM Classification Keywords: I.6 SIMULATION AND MODELING – I.6.5 Model Development, C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS – C.2.1 Network Architecture and Design, K. COMPUTING MILIEUX – K.6 Management of computing and information system

Link:

STEPS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFORMATION NETWORKS’ USER MODEL AS BADLY FORMALIZED OBJECT

Anastasia Smirnova

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p07.pdf

Abstract: In this work the simulation of realizations of telecommunications traffic, which has multifractal properties. The mathematical model of traffic is based on a stochastic binomial multiplicative cascade process with beta-distributed weighting coefficients. There was carry out computer simulation of model multifractal traffic advancing over the communication channel. The emergence of queuing in the infinite buffer size and number of losses with limited buffer size has been studied.

Keywords: self-similar stochastic process, Hurst exponent, multifractal stochastic processes, scaling exponent, wavelet transform modulus maxima method, telecommunications traffic, stochastic binomial multiplicative cascade.

ACM Classification Keywords: : G.3 Probability and statistics - Time series analysis , Stochastic processes, G.1 Numerical analysis, G.1.2 Approximation - Wavelets and fractals.

Link:

MODELING TELECOMMUNICATIONS TRAFFIC USING THE STOCHASTIC MULTIFRACTAL CASCADE PROCESS

Lyudmyla Kirichenko, Tamara Radivilova, Eias Kayali

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p06.pdf

Аннотация: Обсуждаются понятия, функции и алгоритмы, связанные с численными оценками подобия (или “аналогичности”) текстов натурального языка. В так называемой “теории подобия конечных последовательностей” (ТПКП) подобие двух текстов оценивается посредством длины максимальной общей для этих текстов подпоследовательности суб-текстов (например, слов, предложений, etc.) Если в сравниваемых текстах различные вхождения суб-текстов имеют разную значимость сравнительно с другими вхождениями, при оценке степени подобия учитывается не длина, а суммарный “вес” общей для них подпоследовательности суб-текстов (например, суммарный вес общих вхождений слов). В данной статье основное внимание уделено мерам оценки структурного сходства текстов. Предполагается, что в тексте-“образце” его суб-тексты сгруппированы в “блоки” (именные группы, предложения, etc.). Принимается следующий принцип “сплоченности”: имена, образующие блок, обычно соседствуют в тексте; и перестановки имен внутри блока разрушают структуру текста в меньшей степени, чем чередование имен, принадлежащих разным блокам. В статье формулируются понятия, численные меры и алгоритмы, оценивающие степени чередования суб-текстов, принадлежащих разным блокам (меры “сплоченности” блоков). В сочетании с мерами, учитывающими лексическое сходство двух текстов и относительную значимость их сходных суб-текстов, меры сплоченности позволяют адекватно оценивать подобие текстов. Статистические эксперименты показали, что методы ТПКП эффективны в областях автоматической проверки орфографии, идентификации сообщений в телекоммуникационных сетях, компьютерного тестирования знаний. Так, в последней области для компьютера оказывается возможным игнорировать несущественные ошибки в ответах тестируемых, учитывать сокращения и синонимы, разрешить, запретить или ограничить перестановки слов, и т.п.

Ключевые слова: аналогия, подобие текстов, алгоритмы оценки подобия, тестирование знаний

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.6 Artificial Intelligence – Learning – Analogies; K.3.1 Computers and Education - Computer Uses in Education

Link:

ЧИСЛЕННЫЕ МЕРЫ “СПЛОЧЕННОСТИ” ИМЕННЫХ ГРУПП

Леонид Леоненко

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p03.pdf

Аннотация: Достижения в исследовании и реализации искусственного интеллекта относятся в основном к формализуемым областям и задачам. В тех же областях, где формализация затруднена, достижения искусственного интеллекта незначительны. К таким областям относятся понимание, эмоции, переживания, смысл. Ситуация, помимо сложности самой проблемы, усугубляется междисциплинарным характером исследований. И в каждой дисциплине феномен понимания раскрывается лишь частично, в разной технике и через свою специфическую систему понятий. Для полного раскрытия феномена понимания необходимы согласование исследований и модельных представлений в целом ряде дисциплин: общей, когнитивной и компьютерной лингвистике, философии, психологии, нейрофизиологии. В работе предлагается методология моделирования в случае междисциплинарного характера исследований, основанная на технике моделирования сложных систем с помощью набора взаимосвязанных моделей. На основании литературных данных рассмотрены трактовки феномена понимания в общей и компьютерной лингвистике. Выделены основные термины, используемые для раскрытия феномена понимания и отдельных его этапов. На основании проведенного рассмотрения разработаны концептуальные модели генерации, передачи и понимания текста и речи человеком и компьютером. Показано, что человек в процессе понимания опирается на значение и смысл, тогда как компьютер только на значение. Опора на смысл приводит к несоизмеримо более высокому уровню понимания. Это объясняется тем, что смысл содержит в себе все виды знаний, наличествующих у человека: неявных, образных, эмоциональных, оценочных и т.п. В результате более полного учета знаний человека об окружении и самом себе получаемая интерпретация (понимание) текста является гораздо более точной, чем при компьютерном понимании, где используется только общая для субъектов общения часть знаний. В свою очередь, повышение точности представлений, или модельных представлений, позволяет человеку гораздо более эффективно достигать своих целей. Сделан важный вывод, что современные компьютерные системы в принципе не способны понимать по-настоящему, и для создания по-настоящему понимающих компьютерных систем требуется качественный скачок прежде всего в теории. Создание концептуальной модели понимания позволяет сделать и более обоснованные выводы о характере мышления у человека. Формальные силлогизмы, рассматриваемые в логике, играют в нем сравнительно небольшую роль, и наоборот, очень большую роль играют аспекты, связанные со смыслом, и неформализованным представлением информации.

Keywords: понимание текста человеком, компьютерная лингвистика, концептуальные модели феномена понимания

ACM Classification Keywords I.2.7 Natural Language Processing - Language models and Language parsing and understanding

Link:

О МОДЕЛИРОВАНИИ ПОНИМАНИЯ

Владимир Сторож

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p02.pdf

Аннотация: Предложен новый метод семантического анализа текстов естественного языка, основанный на совместном использовании знаний о Мире, знаний в Предметной области и знаний о ситуации. Введено понятие «конструкт ситуации», на основе которого построен формат Лексической структуры ситуации. Обсуждаются подходы к ситуационному мышлению и определению смысла. Дан пример семантического анализа и выделения смысла дискурса.

Ключевые слова: текст естественного языка, семантическая структура, ситуация, онтология, смысл текста

ACM Classification Keywords: 1.2.7 Natural Language Processing – Text analysis

Link:

ФОРМАЛЬНОЕ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ СИТУАЦИИ ДЛЯ СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОГО АНАЛИЗА ТЕКСТОВ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ЯЗЫКА

Леонид Святогор, Виктор Гладун

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p01.pdf

Annotation: The paper is dedicated to the solving of the task of analyzing the access networks parameters and to the determination of correlations between them. Considering the network total cost as a system consisting of many individual components, there is given example of the establishment of relations between the components making the cost of the access network.

Keywords: access network, access network parameters, correlation between the parameters, interrelation scheme.

Keywords classification of ACM: /.2. Computer-communication networks, H. Information Systems - H.1 Models and Principles, K. Computing Milieux - K.6 Management of computing and information system

Link:

METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF INTERRELATION BETWEEN ACCESS NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS

Galyna Gayvoronska, Svetlana Sakharova

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p04.pdf

Annotation: Differences between calls stream and messages stream are formulated. Problem statement of development of the mathematical model of messages streams circulating in the convergent telecommunication network is carried out.

Keywords: convergent telecommunication network, messages stream, calls stream.

Keywords classification of ACM: H. Information Systems - H.1 MODELS AND PRINCIPLES, C. Computer Systems Organization - C.2 COMPUTER-COMMUNICATION NETWORKS.

Link:

ABOUT THE PROBLEM OF DEVELOPMENT OF MESSAGES STREAM MODEL IN THE CONVERGENT TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK

Galyna Gayvoronska, Maxim Solomitsky

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-28/ibs-28-p05.pdf

Abstract: The article presents selected numerical methods that are used to solve equations representing the mathematical formulation of engineering problems. The examples of the use of numerical methods in tribology are shown in this paper as well. The way of creating a computer program based on the theory of hydrodynamic lubrication announced by Reynolds is discussed. This program uses the finite difference method to calculate the distribution of hydrodynamic pressure in the radial bearing.

Keywords: Tribology, Computer program, Numerical methods.

ACM Classification Keywords: Numerical Analysis, Software engineering.

Link:

COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR SYMULATION OF PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION IN THE HYDRODYNAMIC RADIAL BEARING

Wiesław Graboń, Jan Smykla

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p26.pdf

Abstract: The paper shows information of distortion of measurement results by stylus method. The review of surface topography reconstruction method is presented. These methods were used by the present authors to reconstruct one-process and two-process modeled and measured profiles. In the final part of the paper, example results of surface profile reconstruction are given.

Keywords: Surface topography, stylus method, surface reconstruction, simulation

ACM Classification Keywords: J.2 Physical Sciences And Engineering; G.1.2 Approximation; G.1.3 Numerical Linear Algebra;

Link:

METHODS OF RECONSTRUCTION OF SURFACE PROFILES MEASURED BY STYLUS METHOD

Sławomir Górka, Paweł Pawlus

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p25.pdf

Abstract: New idea for energy-efficient extension for OSPF protocol is presented. New concept is based on Dijkstra’s algorithm, which recalculates shortest path each time, when metric is updated. There is introduced in OSPF new metric’s value based on traffic load on routers’ interfaces.

Keywords: energy-efficiency, OMNeT++ simulation environment, OSPF routing protocol

ACM Classification Keywords: I.6 Simulation and Modeling

Link:

ENERGY-EFFICIENT PROTOCOL IN OMNET++ SIMULATION ENVIRONMENT

Krzysztof Daniluk

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p24.pdf

Abstract: This paper describes a method of forecasting the guaranteed operating time using the quantile zones. There are presented an equations and graphics for calculations of the guaranteed time operating error.

Key words: Reliability, guaranteed time, parameters’ drifts, quasi-deterministic, quantile zones.

ACM Classification Keywords: B.8.1 Hardware - Performance and Reliability - Reliability, Testing, and Fault- Tolerance

Link:

RESEARCH OF ACCURACY OF GUARANTEED OPERAYTING TIME PREDICTION BY FRACTILE ZONES METHOD

Leonid Nedostup, Myroslav Kiselychnyk, Pavlo Zayarnyuk

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p23.pdf

Abstract: An analysis of the basic system for the synthesis of formulas of algebra algorithms was conducted The need for a construction of an expanded system for computer synthesis that would allow simplifying the notation of algebra formulas was demonstrated. Basing on functional criterion purpose a three-level model of decomposition was created. The model is recorded with the help of formulas of algebra algorithms. An implementation of the created model was made in the MS Visual Studio 2010 platform in C# programming language and samples are presented.

Keywords: Algebra, algorithm, model, formula, subsystem, operations: formatting editor

ACM Classification Keywords: F.2 Analysis of algorithms and problem complexity

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SYSTEM MODIFICATION MODEL CREATING SYNTHESIS FOR ALGORITHM FORMULAS

Magdalena Niziołek, Volodymyr Ovsyak

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p22.pdf

Abstract: The paper highlighted the problems of selection methods for the preparation of the "raw" data for subsequent processing in the systems of intelligent information analysis. Each application domain contains a lot of different types of identification characteristics. Most algorithms are unable to work directly with all types and formats of data. Therefore, the preparation or the transformation of the input data set is an integral part of analysis system design. In the paper discusses methods of transformation of continuous and discrete types of data useful for analysis of the vector set. On the example of the domain "Information customs control" has been shown as configured training set for recognition of risks violation of customs legislation, based on a neural network the type multilayer perceptron. Were also considered methods of forming pseudographic patterns from the input sequence data initially did not a graphic of origin.

Keywords: preprocessing, transformation data

ACM Classification Keywords: D.2 SOFTWARE ENGINEERING – D.2.12 Interoperability – Data mapping

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PREPROCESSING "RAW" DATA SETS AS AN IMPORTANT ASPECT OF INTELLIGENT INFORMATION PROCESSING

Sergii Konovalenko

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p21.pdf

Abstract: The article presents the design and construction of data acquisition module, which allows read and write data counted by the data acquisition board. The acquisition was controlled using a program that was created in the QNX Momentics development environment, based on the architecture of the RLP. It involves the measurement card control directly by the read and write to memory registers. Data acquisition was performed on a computer running a hard real-time system QNX6 Neutrino. With the use of available tools QNX Neutrino RTOS was realized network communication process for managing production data in a distributed system. The article presents also industrial networks such as Profibus and Ethernet. Discusses the characteristics of distributed systems and the requirements for real-time systems.

Keywords: real-time system, data acquisition, distributed system

ACM Classification Keywords: J. Computer Applications, J.2 Physical Sciences And Engineering, J.7 Computers In Other Systems,

Link:

USING REAL-TIME SYSTEM TO MANAGE PRODUCTION DATA IN A DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM

Magdalena Dobrzańska, Paweł Dobrzański, Artur Łopuszyński, Łukasz Kurowski

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p20.pdf

Abstract: Today in Lithuania understanding the principles of administrative justice is aggravated because of complicate system of institutions dealing with pre-trial procedure of administrative offenses and the administrative judicial system, and the imperfection of the current laws. For Lithuanian citizens are difficult to orient in administrative law norms. At the same time with the administrative law violations often every citizen is faced. Therefore, public awareness and legal education serve for formation of civil society. Information and communications technologies in today's society are perceived and practical sensed as background of any the modern organization and public management environments model. It can be argued that public education on matters of basic justice administrative measures should be applied in the information space. The first steps in usage of public relations and information technologies activities in courts have to go. Lithuanian administrative courts apply the public information activities on the court web sites. However, the authors’ studies show that public authorities and administrative courts websites provide information mainly oriented to publicity of proceedings the trial. Information about the administrative features of the infringement is almost unavailable. The article deals with public information policies and implementation of the accessibility of administrative justice in Lithuania in cyberspace.

Keywords: administrative justice, principles of public information, the information society.

ACM Classification Keywords: J.1 Administrative Data Processing - Law

Link:

INFORMATION SYSTEMS OF ADMINISTRATIVE JUSTICE – AS SOCIAL TOOL FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF PUBLICITY PRINCIPLE

Tatjana Bilevičienė, Eglė Bilevičiūtė

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p19.pdf

Abstract: German psychologist Hermann Ebbinghaus, the first person studied a memory, experimentally publishes his forgetting curve, which characterized the ability of a human brain to remember the information. He proved experimentally that during the first hour of learning process 60 percent of information is forgotten and after 10 hours of workload our memory abandons 35 percent of information. Then forgetting process become slower and after six days our memory abandons near 20 percent of the learning material. As a result of the research Hermann Ebbinghaus has suggested the algorithm of the effective learning. Based on the modification of the algorithm we have created a special service for learning foreign words called WordSteps?. It allows to learn more than 97 percent of new information even in a year after the first training.

Keywords: Memory, natural language processing, learning words

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.7 Natural Language Processing

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THE EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY FOR LEARNING FOREIGN WORDS

Andrey Dukhovny

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p18.pdf

Abstract: The paper presents the concept of an intelligent tutoring system for learning Belarusian as a foreign language. At the heart of the system is a model of learning consisting of the following models: tutor model, learner model, model of Interaction, learning process structure model, learning activity forms model, academic discipline model.

Keywords: learning model, tutor model, learner model, model of Interaction, learning process structure model, learning activity forms model, academic discipline model.

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE - I.2.1 Applications and Expert Systems - Natural language interfaces General.

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INTELLIGENT TUTORING SYSTEM FOR BELARUSIAN AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Olga Yeliseyeva, Yury Kim

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p17.pdf

Abstract: Millions of Facebook and Twitter users send their comments all over the world about products and services, political and economical events, etc. (almost 3 billions each day) The principal problem of opinion mining such information is text parameterization, and in the paper we describe our experience in solution of this problem with Peruvian Facebook and Twitter. We use enriched vocabularies of Spanish SentiStrength? and propose a simple algorithm for evaluation of sentiment contribution. The work was completed in the framework of the project WAYRA (Telefonica-Peru). The results proved to be promised: opinion analysis of parameterized texts showed the accuracy about 75% with elementary classifier

Keywords: opinion mining, SentiStrength?, Facebook and Twitter

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.7 Natural Language Processing

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PARAMETERIZATION OF COMMENTS FROM PERUVIAN FACEBOOK AND TWITTER: LEXICAL RESOURCES AND ALGORITHM

Angels Catena, Mikhail Alexandrov, Roque López

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p16.pdf

Abstract: SentiStrength? is a well-known tool for opinion mining texts circulated in social networks. There are English, Spanish, Russian versions of SentiStrength?, which demonstrated their advantages in numerous examples. In the paper we present our classifier of opinions for analysis of comments from the Peruvian Facebook and Twitter. We corrected and enriched SentiStrength? Spanish vocabularies having in view the properties of Peruvian Spanish. We also slightly modified the SentiStrength? algorithm rules. We demonstrate the results we have reached with our classifier and SentiStrength?. The experimental results are competitive with traditional approaches developed in this area, and the total accuracy proved to be 72%.

Keywords: SentiStrength?, Opinion Mining, Facebook and Twitter

Link:

SPANISH SENTISTRENGTH AS A TOOL FOR OPINION MINING PERUVIAN FACEBOOK AND TWITTER

Roque López, Javier Tejada, MikeThelwall?

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p15.pdf

Abstract: In this paper we consider the problem of keyword extraction for the document annotation. We study different statistic-based measures for such extraction and compare the results with the annotations made by skilled experts. The experiments were completed with the Inspec data set. The quality of annotation was evaluated by means of R-Precision? score.

Keywords: keywords extraction, single document annotation, natural language processing.

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.7. Natural Language Processing

Link:

THE STUDY OF FACTORS RELADED WITH SINGLE-DOCUMENT KEYWORD EXTRACTION

Popova Svetlana

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p14.pdf

Abstract: This article aims to present the results of clustering in documents, extracted from Internet and related to compositional phrasemes (pragmatemes). We are studying conditions (situation, context), which can stipulate presence of these units in a text. Pragmateme’s structure and functioning particularities are taken into consideration. An important objective of the work is selection of an adequate algorithm for tag extraction and clustering, so that we can further compare and apply the results, obtained for different languages.

Keywords: pragmateme, compositional phraseme, tag extraction, clustering analysis

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.7. Natural Language Processing

Link:

AUTOMATED TAG EXTRACTION & CLUSTERING IN DOCUMENTS CONTAINING COMPOSITIONAL PHRASEMES

Vera Danilova, Xavier Blanco, Dmitry Stefanovskiy

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p13.pdf

Abstract: The paper presents the results of automatic term extraction from a special text corpus (a collection of papers on corpus linguistics) by means of statistical methods (association measures) combined with certain syntactic models. The approach undertaken in the paper is based on lexico-syntactic models that can be viewed as models of phrases for the Russian language. The Sketch Engine system represents itself a corpus tool which takes as input a corpus of any language and corresponding grammar patterns. The system gives information about a word’s collocability on concrete dependency models, and generates lists of the most frequent phrases for a given word based on appropriate models. The extracted terms belong to various clusters and represent the lexical structure of the texts in question. The applied method includes statistical analysis that enables estimating paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between lexemes based on their distribution.

Keywords: Corpora, distributional and statistical methods, collocations, automatic term extraction, thesaurus.

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.7 Natural Language Processing

Link:

STUDYING SPECIAL TEXT RUSSIAN CORPORA BY THE LEXICO-SYNTACTIC MODELS

Maria Khokhlova, Victor Zakharov

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p12.pdf

Abstract: The paper presents the results of automatic term extraction from a special text corpus (a collection of papers on corpus linguistics) by means of statistical methods (association measures) combined with certain syntactic models. The approach undertaken in the paper is based on lexico-syntactic models that can be viewed as models of phrases for the Russian language. The Sketch Engine system represents itself a corpus tool which takes as input a corpus of any language and corresponding grammar patterns. The system gives information about a word’s collocability on concrete dependency models, and generates lists of the most frequent phrases for a given word based on appropriate models. The extracted terms belong to various clusters and represent the lexical structure of the texts in question. The applied method includes statistical analysis that enables estimating paradigmatic and syntagmatic relations between lexemes based on their distribution.

Keywords: Corpora, distributional and statistical methods, collocations, automatic term extraction, thesaurus.

ACM Classification Keywords: I.2.7 Natural Language Processing

Link:

STUDYING SPECIAL TEXT RUSSIAN CORPORA BY THE LEXICO-SYNTACTIC MODELS

Maria Khokhlova, Victor Zakharov

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p12.pdf

Abstract: The problem of selection of perspective objects for investments is considered. Objects are Russian companies of mobile communication. To solve this problem we use the decision-making support system (DSS) SVIR and manual procedures of the Muchnik method. We shortly describe these tools and show that both approaches lead to close results. The paper is prepared on the basis of B.Sc. thesis of the first author

Keywords: multicriteria selection, DSS SVIR, Muchnik method

Link:

MULTICRITERIA SELECTION OF PERSPECTIVE OBJECTS FOR INVESTMENTS: DSS SVIR VS. MUCHNIK METHOD

Pavel Mogilyov, Mikhail Alexandrov, Stanislav Mikoni

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p11.pdf

Abstract: In this paper, we propose to extend traditional Fuzzy Logic(FL) techniques by creating a second set of inference rules (and the corresponding inference mechanism) in order to effectively produce results exploitable by decision makers. We present a formal definition of a multi-level FL scheme and its application in the development of: i) a break-even inference machine and ii) a legal argumentation system. The proposed scheme is shown to be useful in modeling systems where intermediary fuzzy concepts come to play, and it could be applied in several problems analog to the ones presented in this study.

Keywords: Multilevel Fuzzy Logic, Knowledge Based Systems, Legal Argumentation System.

Link:

A MULTI-LEVEL FUZZY LOGIC SCHEME FOR MODELING COMPLEX PROBLEMS

July Diana Banda-Tapia?, Regina Ticona Herrera, Dennis Barrios-Aranibar? Joe Tekli, Richard Chbeir

http://foibg.com/ibs_isc/ibs-27/ibs-27-p10.pdf